调式

什么是调式呢，就是众多的的音，有一个是主音，其它的根据这个主音按一定音程关系，排列起来，这样一个体系叫做调式。
调式的种类繁多，不仅仅是构成调式的音的关系不同，连数目也有区别，下面我们简单的介绍一下，世界各国遍用的大调式、小调式和我国的中国调式。
第一节 大调式
大调式的简称叫做“大调”，也可以称呼“大音阶”。大调是由七个音构成的，它的主音与第三级音之间的关系是大三度关系，它的稳定音构成一个大三和弦，这就是大调式，大调式的色彩是明朗的和辉煌的，很开。这就是大调式的特征。
大调式一共有三种，自然大调，和声大调和旋律大调。下面我们看一下最常用的自然大调。自然大调是由七个音来构成的，它的音程关系是全音--全音--半音----全音--全音--全音--半音这样七个自然音阶，这样的音程关系也是由两组相同的四声音阶结合而构成的，然后中间用一个大二度分开。
谱例1：
C自然大调音阶：


这样看来，不管是由什么音开始，只要是主音，（开始的Ⅰ级音）到高八度的主音内，第Ⅲ级音到第Ⅳ级音是小二度（半音），第Ⅶ级音到第一级音是小二度（半音），其余几级相邻的音都是大二度（全音），只要符合这种结构的音阶，都是属于这同一声调式，从D开始做主音的，叫D自然大调音阶，从G开始做主音的叫G自然大调音阶。在调式音阶里，主音（Ⅰ级音）下属音（Ⅳ级音）和属音（Ⅴ级音）是非常重要的，因此也称他们为“正音级”，（其它ⅡⅢⅥⅦ都称副音级），在这些音级里ⅠⅢⅤ级音是稳定音，其中Ⅰ级音也就是主音最为稳定。
下面简单介绍什么是“和声大调”和“旋律大调”。
和声大调：
把自然大调的第Ⅵ级音降低半个音，即是“和声大调”。
谱例2：
C和声大调音阶：


　　　　 　　　　　　Ⅰ 　 Ⅱ 　 Ⅲ 　 Ⅳ　 Ⅴ 　 Ⅵ 　 Ⅶ Ⅰ
　　　　　　　　　　主音 上主音 中音 下属音 属音 下中音 导音 主音
旋律大调：把自然大调的第Ⅵ级，第Ⅶ级音都降低半个音，这就叫做“旋律大调”。
它的音阶结构是这样的。
谱例3：
C旋律大调音阶


　　　　　　　　　Ⅰ 　 Ⅱ 　 Ⅲ 　 Ⅳ　 Ⅴ 　 Ⅵ 　 Ⅶ　 Ⅰ
　　　　　　　　 主音 上主音 中音 下属音 属音 下中音 导音 主音

第二节 小调式
小调式简称也叫“小调”，也可以称呼“小音阶”，同样也是由七个音来构成的。小调的主音与Ⅲ级音之间的关系是小三度，因此小调的调性有一种柔和的感觉并带一些暗淡的色彩。这是小调的特征。
同大调一样，有三种调式，自然小调，和声小调及旋律小调。
首先看看自然小调。
自然小调与自然大调一样，同样在一个八度之内的每一个音都可以构成自然小调。
自然小调是由自然大调式转化而来的。但它是完全独立的调式，同样是由七个音组成，由LA做主音，上面分别是si do re mi Fa so la，它的音程结构是这样的，全音--半音--全音--全音--半音--全音--全音，它的Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅴ级音也都是稳定音，但是它的Ⅲ级音到主音，也就是导音到主音不是半音关系，由此也与大调有所区别。
谱例1：
a自然小调音阶


　　　　　　　　　Ⅰ 　 Ⅱ　 Ⅲ 　 Ⅳ　 Ⅴ 　 Ⅵ 　 Ⅶ 　 Ⅰ
　　　　　　　　主音 上主音 中音 下属音 属音 下中音 导音 主音
和声小调：把自然小调的Ⅶ级音升高半音，叫做“和声小调”它的音程结构是这样的。
谱例2：
a和声小调


　　　　　　　　　Ⅰ　 Ⅱ 　 Ⅲ 　 Ⅳ 　 Ⅴ 　 Ⅵ 　 Ⅶ 　 Ⅰ
　　　　　　　　 主音 上主音 中音 下属音 属音 下中音 导音 主音
旋律小调：把自然小调的第Ⅵ Ⅶ 级都升高半音，叫做“旋律小调”它的音程结构是这样的：
谱例3：
a旋律小调（上行音阶）


　　　　　　　　　　　Ⅰ 　 Ⅱ 　 Ⅲ　 Ⅳ　 Ⅴ　 Ⅵ 　 Ⅶ 　 Ⅰ
　　　　　　　　　　　主音 上主音 中音 下属音 属音 下中音 导音 主音
旋律小调还有一个特点就是它在下行音阶时第ⅥⅦ级音都要还原。这是它与其它小调不同的地方。
谱例4
a旋律小调



第三节 五声调式
五声调式是以纯五度的音程关系来排列的，由五个音所构成的调式，叫作五声调式。由于这种调式是我国特有的，也可以称为民族调式。这五个音的名称分别是：宫、徴、商、羽、角。
谱例 1


将这五个音移在一个八度内，它们名称的顺序是：宫、商、角、徴、羽。
谱例 2


五声调式有下面几种：
（一） 以宫音为主音的调式称为“宫调式”。
谱例 3


（二） 以商音为主音的调式称为“商调式”。
谱例 4


（三） 以角音为主音的调式称为“角调式”。
谱例 5


（四） 以徴音为主音的调式称为“徴调式”。
谱例 6


（五） 以羽音为主音的调式为“羽调式”。
谱例 7


在五声音阶里，每一个音都可以成为主音，因此在每个调式的前面必须把主音的音高位置标出来，比如：以A做主音的宫调式，称为“A宫调”，F做主音的角调式称为“F角调”，D做主音的羽调式称为“D羽调”。

来源于:风华艺校

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Why the Anthony Weiner story to some degree one of a kind therefore value speaking about for a moment is always that, as Hendrik Hertzberg points out, the pretense of purposeful relevance (which, useless it was in past scandals, was at smallest retained) has been approximately openly distributed with listed here.  This is not an instance of outlawed love-making activity or major hypocrisy (i.elizabeth., Mark Vitter, Harry Craig, Tag Foley (who constructed their employment opportunities on Family Principles) or Eliot Spitzer (who viciously tried simple prostitution circumstances)).  Theres no telling lies underneath promise (Clinton) or theoretically outlawed repayments (Ensign, Edwards).  From exactly what is well-known, not one of the girls lay claim harassment and Weiner didnt get actual love-making with them.  This is simply 100 % pure mucking all around within the confidential, consensual, undoubtedly legal confidential lovemaking affairs as someone for partisan attain, voyeuristic enjoyable and also the calming completion of judgmental condemnation.  And in that regard, it pieces a fresh conventional: the private lovemaking actions of public figures — right down to the most passionate information — are actually naturally newsworthy, without making use of any pretense of other relevance. 

Id enjoy to find out just how many reporters, commentators and activist kinds clucking with righteous condemnation of Weiner would be secure getting that conventional put on to them.  I powerfully imagine the quantity can be quite compact.  Ever since the advent of Internet marketing, porn — utilization of the Internet for lovemaking pleasure, true or digital — has have been, and is still, a huge enterprise.  Millions in lots of people sometime do what Weiner performed.  I know i mean a alarming great time-saver that could bring about quite a few Superior Individuals to clutch system their orbs in vulnerable Victorian panic, but its nevertheless genuine.  Its also correct that relationship an affair is incredibly typical.  

If Chelsea Matthews or Steve Williams or any politician ever liked or maybe seen a adult porn web page on-line or experienced a intimately priced IM chat with somebody that is not their husband or wife, shouldnt that certainly be splashed everywhere over the Internet so that we can all read it — not just the simple fact of their existence but all the gory information?  After all, this can be about individuality, verdict, veracity: they are Vital Correspondents and Politicians, and how should we believe in them if this company is not really devoted recommended to their husband or wife?  Isnt the fact that conventional now — the only one this company is gleefully propagating?

Sure, Anthony Weiner lied to you — about an element that is absolutely nobodys enterprise but his nike Lunar Shoes blue brilliant wifes.  When you not his wife, you've virtually no genuine reason to would like to know about — aside from cross verdict on — what performing within his confidential lovemaking lifestyle with other agreeing adults.  Particularly resistant is the pretense of conversing out with respect to his wife, that any individual has learned what her viewpoints on such issues are or what their romantic relationship will involve.  Really the only reason to need to wallow within the information on Anthony Weiners sex-life is because of the voyeuristic titillation it includes: a greatly repressed way of life remembers if it detects bring about in order to discuss male organs and bare photos and by mouth love-making though hiding driving some royal pretext.  On some levels, I find the behavior on the of course loathsome Toby Breitbart more advantageous at smallest ben has straightforward about his purpose:  he detests Democrats and liberals and needs sadistically to eliminate them nevertheless he is able to.  Its the clean, dry, designer purse-lipped busybodies who can't avoid other adults confidential and lovemaking lifestyles — though pretending for being elevated  — that are the genuinely odious bad guys listed here.

In The Atlantic, Conor Friedersdorf is adament the fact that confidential consensual lovemaking actions of political figures are none of our own enterprise, and respond, Megan McArdle contends that &contemporary society has [an] interest in no matter if individuals keep their vows in wedding therefore its an excellent to use several of our valuable news hrs to express, Hello, not ok!  Except McArdle has virtually no concept what vows Weiner brilliant wife have elected to one another, and she shouldnt know, for the reason that its none of her enterprise, even with her eagerness to leardeborah concerning this and widely condemn it.  Whether or not she'd any concept of what she was referring to — and she admittedly is not going to — there's nothing fewer appropriate than Megan McArdles vistas on the agreement Anthony Weiner brilliant wife have with regard to their wedding and no matter if each individual lover is following that agreement.  That the surgeon at The Atlantic needs to share with you this, and look in the information, and problem judgments concerning this, claims all you will need to be aware of our click corps.

Is one able to even envision simply how much various — as well as — our governmental way of life would be if our institution marketing dedicated even a small part of the important analysis and adversarial electricity it dedicated to the Weiner make a difference to points that in fact make a difference?  But will not happen, for the reason that those who encompass that click corps, with exceptional exclusion, are not capable of working on points that make a difference and tired as a result.  Speaking about shirtless photos and revealing dislike about confidential lovemaking habits — like some upset, chattering soap firefox lover livid any particular one of their total best-well-known heroes scammed — is among the restrict of their total skills and functionality.  And doing this is so easy, so enjoyable, so home-justifying, and for that reason exciting for the reason that evasively tingly kind of way.

* * * * * 

Ok, i'll increase some point:  I am not and also have never been an Anthony Weiner lover.  Simply Because trust him on quite a few troubles, his overriding matter often seemed to me for being his personal profession, and, as You will find known in advance of, he is one of the most extremist AIPAC loyalists within the Our elected representatives, which is not a simple variation to attain.  This is among the rule, not anyone.  

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